Light-initiated Chemiluminescence Assay (LICA) is derived from the luminescent oxygen channeling immunoassay (LOCI) with the desired features. Similar to the principle of LOCI, LICA is a homogenous bead-based technology in which the proximity of chemo beads and sensible ads beads (< 200 nm) generates light through CL. This homogeneous immunoassay method is capable of rapid, quantitative determination of a wide range of analytes--including high and very low concentrations of large and small molecules, free (unbound) drugs, DNA, and specific IgM. Light-initiated Chemiluminescence Assay is one of the emerging formats of immunoassay. More and more manufacturers set off to develop new products based on this new and innovative emerging technology because there are plenty of benefits of using it which include: Homogeneous High sensitivity High specificity High throughput Reproducibility Wide detection range Low sample volume Doesn’t require a washing step

Immunochromatography is also called immunoaffinity chromatography. The specific processes are as follows: a specific antibody containing the marker is dropped on the bonding pad, and a specific antibody is added at a location of the nitrocellulose membrane. After the sample liquid of the sample to be tested is added to the sample pad, through the action of the capillary tube, the sample solution and the marker are uniformly diffused at the binding pad through the action of the capillary tube. The sample solution reacts with the europium chelate to form the complex of the europium antibody chelate. The complex containing the europium antibody chelate then flows forward. When the complex moves to the detection band, because the detection band contains a specific antibody, it has a specific immune reaction with the europium antibody chelate-containing antigen and finally forms the immune complex of antigen-antibody-europium antibody complex. At the same time, the labeled antibody was also captured on the test line and stayed in the test line, while the redundant markers continued to flow forward and were adsorbed to the control band by the protein antibody on the membrane, and the complex specific binding occurred on the control line, and at the same time, the labeled antibody was also captured on the control line. According to the difference of marker types, the signal is detected by the instrument.

HbA1c can be measured by different methods. But high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods are considered as a gold standard method for measuring HbA1c in human blood. A chemical (electrical) charge is present on the molecule of HbA1c, and the amount of the charge differs from the charges on the different components of hemoglobin. The molecule of HbA1c has a difference in size from the other components. HbA1c may be separated by charge and size from the other hemoglobin A components in blood by HPLC. HPLC separates mixtures into their various components by adding the mixtures to special liquids and them under pressure through columns filled with a material that separates the mixture into its different component molecules.