Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a major acute phase protein in human beings, and dogs. The level of SAA proteins in blood increases within just a few hours following the onset of various inflammatory stimuli. These include infection, trauma and surgery

PCT(Procalcitonin) is a peptide precursor of the hormone calcitonin. Measurement of PCT can be used as an authoritative marker for diagnosis and stratification of sepsis.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody (or immunoglobulin (Ig)"isotype") that has only been found in mammals. IgE is synthesised by plasma cells. IgE's main function is immunity to parasites such as helminths like Schistosoma mansoni, Trichinella spiralis, and Fasciola hepatica. Total IgE is utilized during immune defense against certain protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum. Total IgE may have evolved as a last line of defense to protect against venoms.